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	<title>Baha&#039;i Perspectives &#187; education</title>
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		<title>A Most Grievous Ommission</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/05/29/a-most-grievous-ommission/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/05/29/a-most-grievous-ommission/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2009 11:31:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nava</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News & Current Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[childhood]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[motherhood]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[parents]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=2287</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This morning a close friend of mine forwarded me an article from BBC News about a little child raised by dogs. The caption piqued my curiousity and before I read the article my mind flooded with romantic images of a little Jane-esque[of Tarzan and] child who was tragically abandoned by am empoverished mother but, against all [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This morning a close friend of mine forwarded me an article from BBC News about <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8070814.stm" target="_blank">a little child raised by dogs</a>. The caption piqued my curiousity and before I read the article my mind flooded with romantic images of a little Jane-esque[of Tarzan and] child who was tragically abandoned by am empoverished mother but, against all odds, managed to survive. My version of the story was still sad, of course. After all, all children should have the opportunity to grow up among human beings who love them and care for them. But there was something exciting about the raw instinctual aspect of it. A lesson on human resilience.</p>
<p>Then I read the article. Even the fainstest glimmering of a Disney Channel plot line was completely annihilated.</p>
<p>A little girl in Russia raised by dogs&#8230;while her mother was <em>there</em>. The article is sparse in detail, but there is explicit reference to the fact that the girl was forced to live among the dogs inside the house, <em>never </em>to go outside. She, naturally, began to emulate the dogs&#8217; behavior. She spoke no Russian, but instead mimicked the noises of the animals who were her [possibly sole] educators and jumped with fright anytime anyone approached the door, just as the dogs would do.</p>
<p>I cannot even begin to put into words the feelings of anger and almost rage that surged within me when I thought of the despicable actions of this &#8220;mother&#8221; who forced this kind of existence upon her own child. I immediately thought of one of  <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/HW/" target="_blank">The Hidden Words</a> of <a href="http://www.bahai.org/faq/facts/bahaullah" target="_blank">Baha&#8217;u'llah</a> wherein He affirms that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Out of the wastes of nothingness, with the clay of My command I made thee to appear, and have ordained for thy training every atom in existence and the essence of all created things. Thus, ere thou didst issue from thy mother&#8217;s womb, I destined for thee two founts of gleaming milk, eyes to watch over thee, and hearts to love thee&#8230;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>God gave us parents, designed us in such a way, that at the very moment of our birth into this world we would be enveloped in love. Nurtured with love. Trained <em>by</em> love. Our parents have a responsibility not  just to provide for us materially, but to <em>educate</em> us and train us in such a way that we may develop a relationship with God.  Baha&#8217;u'llah says that the primary purpose of marriage is to bring forth children who will make mention of Him. We are here to know God and to love God. We are here to advance civilization.</p>
<p>And yet there exist human beings in this world who cannot even be bothered to <em>speak</em> to their children? Much less to give them a chance to develop an intimate relationship with their Creator. How unimaginably horrible. The sheer cruelty of it. The level of disconnect that this woman must have from her own humanity&#8230;one can only wonder what her own upbringing was like.</p>
<p>We know that if left to their own devices, without proper training and education, human beings can be given to cruelty more savage than that of the fiercest animal predator. <a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha.html" target="_blank">&#8216;Abdu&#8217;l-Baha</a> says &#8220;[w]ere there no educator, all souls would remain savage, and were it not for the teacher, the children would be ignorant creatures.&#8221;</p>
<p>On the overall importance of education, He goes onto say the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It is for this reason that, in this New Cycle, education and training are <img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-2289" title="bp" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/bp-298x300.jpg" alt="bp" width="239" height="222" />recorded in the Book of God as obligatory and not voluntary. That is, it is enjoined upon the father and mother, as a duty, to strive with all effort to train the daughter and the son, to nurse them from the breast of knowledge and to rear them in the bosom of sciences and arts. Should they neglect this matter, they shall be held responsible and worthy of reproach in the presence of the stern Lord.</p>
<p>This is a sin unpardonable, for they have made that poor babe a wanderer in the Sahara of ignorance, unfortunate and tormented; to remain during a lifetime a captive of ignorance and pride, negligent and without discernment. Verily, if that babe depart from this world at the age of infancy, it is sweeter and better. In this sense, death is better than life; deprivation than salvation; non-existence lovelier than existence; the grave better than the palace; and the narrow, dingy tomb better than the spacious, regal home&#8230;</p>
<p>Therefore, the beloved of God and the maid-servants of the Merciful must train their children with life and heart and teach them in the school of virtue and perfection. They must not be lax in this matter; they must not be inefficient. Truly, if a babe did not live at all it were better than to let it grow ignorant, for that innocent babe, in later life, would become afflicted with innumerable defects, responsible to and questioned by God, reproached and rejected by the people. What a sin this would be and what an omission!</p>
</blockquote>

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		<title>Change Your Mind</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/04/17/change-your-mind/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/04/17/change-your-mind/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 08:54:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>iman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Baha'i Concepts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[integration/disintegration]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=2074</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
I woke up with a thought in my mind: why do I sometimes resist change; character improvement for the better?  It&#8217;s simply easier to stay the same, I guess, even if it&#8217;s not always comfortable. Sometimes it may be because we are too comfortable that we don&#8217;t feel the urge to adjust ourselves. Sometimes we [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-medium wp-image-2101 aligncenter" title="Integration-Disintegration" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/integration-disintegration-300x225.jpg" alt="Integration-Disintegration" width="300" height="225" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">I woke up with a thought in my mind: why do I sometimes resist change; character improvement for the better?  It&#8217;s simply easier to stay the same, I guess, even if it&#8217;s not always comfortable. Sometimes it may be because we are <em>too</em> comfortable that we don&#8217;t feel the urge to adjust ourselves. Sometimes we just don&#8217;t realize that we need to change. Realization occurs only after careful and constant reflection on our actions; but sometimes we don&#8217;t reflect and don&#8217;t try to change. In truth, however, it isn&#8217;t easy to disregard all past habits and experiences and start anew.  <a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha.html" target="_blank">Abdu&#8217;l-Baha</a> says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It is extremely difficult to teach the individual and refine his character once puberty is passed. By then, as experience hath shown, even if every effort be exerted to modify some tendency of his, it all availeth nothing. He may, perhaps, improve somewhat today; but let a few days pass and he forgetteth, and turneth backward to his habitual condition and accustomed ways.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Therefore it is in early childhood that a firm foundation must be laid:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It followeth that the children&#8217;s school must be a place of utmost discipline and order, that instruction must be thorough, and provision must be made for the rectification and refinement of character; so that, in his earliest years, within the very essence of the child, the divine foundation will be laid and the structure of holiness raised up&#8230;Know that this matter of instruction, of character rectification and refinement, of heartening and encouraging the child, is of the utmost importance, for such are basic principles of God.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Hardship and tests can act as a catalyst for change, not only on a personal level but also on a global one. Mankind as an entity faces challenges similar to those restraining us in our journey of personal transformation. It seems to be the common case, globally, that change is resisted. It seems as though only until our &#8216;backs are against the wall&#8217; that we begin to discern the importance of altering our unsustainable patterns of old.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">How long will humanity persist in its waywardness? How long will injustice continue? How long is chaos and confusion to reign amongst men? How long will discord agitate the face of society?&#8230;The signs of impending convulsions and chaos can now be discerned, inasmuch as the prevailing order appeareth to be lamentably defective.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">(<a href="http://info.bahai.org/bahaullah.html">Baha&#8217;u'llah</a>,<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/"> Gleanings from the Writings of Baha&#8217;u'llah</a>, p. 215)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><a href="http://info.bahai.org/guardianship.html">Shoghi Effendi</a> goes on to say:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Economic distress&#8230;together with political confusion, financial upheavals, religious restlessness and racial animosities, seem to have conspired to add immeasurably to the burdens under which an impoverished, a war-weary world is groaning&#8230;The world&#8230;is everywhere assailed by forces it can neither explain nor control.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">That the forces of a world catastrophe can alone precipitate such a new phase of human thought is, alas, becoming increasingly apparent. That nothing short of the fire of a severe ordeal, unparalleled in its intensity, can fuse and weld the discordant entities that constitute the elements of present-day civilization, into the integral components of the world commonwealth of the future, is a truth which future events will increasingly demonstrate.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Does this imply that dire times lie ahead?</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Nothing but a fiery ordeal, out of which humanity will emerge, chastened and prepared, can succeed in implanting that sense of responsibility which the leaders of a new-born age must arise to shoulder.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">(<a href="http://info.bahai.org/guardianship.html">Shoghi Effendi</a>, <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/">The World Order of Baha&#8217;u'llah</a>, p. 45)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: left;">Drawing on <a title="Ohm's Law" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nsmcbzOJU3kC&amp;pg=PA140&amp;dq=ohm's-law+complex+exponentials&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=k1rwR4ffNo2AsgPNhtnCBg&amp;sig=mjShqNIvu1F9qL5g7I7ET2JrOg8#PPA8,M1" target="_blank">Ohm&#8217;s law</a>, the more the resistance experienced, the greater the potential. The onus is on us to make use of this potential.</p>

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		<title>Addressing Discrepancies, Part II &#8211; Religion at Fault?</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/02/24/addressing-discrepancies-part-ii-religion-at-fault/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/02/24/addressing-discrepancies-part-ii-religion-at-fault/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2009 00:18:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elliott</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Baha'i Concepts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[religion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[science]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=1896</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[In &#8220;Addressing Discrepancies – Part I,&#8221; we discussed one of the major obstacles to the unity of religion and science. Science seems to have incorrectly invalidated religious longings. In this post we investigate a second major obstacle. 
This one may seem more obvious. To many, religion itself is the main reason why it cannot exist [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignright" title="tunnel" src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/168/424899343_f5ddf9c59e.jpg?v=0" alt="" width="281" height="210" /><em>In &#8220;<a href="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/bahai-concepts/2009/01/28/science-and-religion-addressing-discrepancies/" target="_blank">Addressing Discrepancies – Part I</a></em><a href="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/bahai-concepts/2009/01/28/science-and-religion-addressing-discrepancies/" target="_blank"></a><em>,&#8221; we discussed one of the major obstacles to the unity of religion and science. Science seems to have incorrectly invalidated religious longings. In this post we investigate a second major obstacle. </em></p>
<p>This one may seem more obvious. To many, religion itself is the main reason why it cannot exist in harmony with science. Every day, acts of religious dissention take spotlight in the media. How can religion possibly stand for truth, with all its various sects and orthodoxies which are clearly not in agreement with one another?</p>
<p>Science, on the other hand, keeps its composure. Disagreements occur and conflicting theories arise, but these are investigated, and eventually, when scientists have sufficient faith in a common idea, textbooks are written and the rest of the world tends to jump on board. How can such a logical approach to the investigation of truth possibly be in accord with the farce associated with assertions of religious truth?</p>
<p><a href="http://william.hatcher.org/" target="_blank">Dr. William Hatcher</a>, in his essay “The Unity of Science and Religion” explains that the characteristic feature of science and the basis of its unity is scientific method. Scientific phenomena are systematically investigated by use of our mental faculties.</p>
<p><a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha-center-of-covenant.html" target="_blank">Abdu’l-Baha</a> asserts that this is also necessary to arrive at an understanding of religious truth:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>God has endowed man with intelligence and reason whereby he is required to determine the verity of questions and propositions. If religious beliefs and opinions are found contrary to the standards of science they are mere superstitions and imaginations; for the antithesis of knowledge is ignorance, and the child of ignorance is superstition. Unquestionably there must be agreement between true religion and science. If a question be found contrary to reason, faith and belief in it are impossible and there is no outcome but wavering and vacillation.</p>
<p>(Abdu&#8217;l-Baha, Baha&#8217;i World Faith &#8211; Abdu&#8217;l-Baha Section, p. 239)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If mankind took a more objective, scientific approach to religion, it would arrive much more quickly at a common understanding of the fundamental verities religion presents. Rather than resorting to weapons, people should turn to elevated discourse, consultation and independent study. With this standard of investigation of the truth, the notion that scientific concepts and religious ideals can exist in harmony won’t seem so far-fetched.</p>

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		<title>Science and Religion &#8211; Addressing Discrepancies, Part I</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/01/28/science-and-religion-addressing-discrepancies/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/01/28/science-and-religion-addressing-discrepancies/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Jan 2009 08:57:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>elliott</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Baha'i Concepts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[religion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[science]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=1731</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Following the spirit of Negin&#8217;s article &#8220;Religion or Science: Do we have to choose?&#8221;, we tackle specific points regarding science and religion to reinforce an understanding of their harmony with one another.
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Following the spirit of Negin&#8217;s article &#8220;<a href="/society/2009/01/15/religion-or-science-do-we-have-to-choose/" target="_blank">Religion or Science: Do we have to choose?&#8221;</a>, we tackle specific points regarding science and religion to reinforce an understanding of their harmony with one another.</em></p>
<p><!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;!   /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; <a href="http://cialis-online-price.net" mce_href="http://cialis-online-price.net">buy cialis online cheap</a> mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&#8221;Calibri&#8221;,&#8221;sans-serif&#8221;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&#8221;Times New Roman&#8221;; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&#8221;Times New Roman&#8221;; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &#8211;></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong> </strong></p>
<p>The conventional view of science is that it is rational knowledge about<img class="size-medium wp-image-1732 alignright" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/img_0453a-297x300.jpg" alt="" width="247" height="250" /> the physical, visible, or observable world. Religion, on the other hand is commonly viewed as irrational belief about the imaginary, insubstantial and unseen world.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha-center-of-covenant.html" target="_blank">Abdu&#8217;l-Baha</a> has said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Religion and Science are inter-twined with each other and cannot be separated. These are the two wings with which humanity must fly.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Abdu&#8217;l-Baha, <a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/ABL/" target="_blank">Abdu&#8217;l-Baha in London</a>, p. 28)</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">Religion must agree with science, so that science shall sustain religion and religion explain science. The two must be brought together, indissolubly, in reality.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(Abdu&#8217;l-Baha, Divine Philosophy, p. 26)</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal">For many, including myself, the ideas presented in the above quotations are difficult for the mind to wrap around, especially given the context of dominating ideas regarding what science and religion are. It is in the spirit of independent investigation of the truth that I have trying to understand better the dynamics between these two pillars of reality. I should mention that many of my studies are based on the essays of <a href="http://william.hatcher.org/" target="_blank">Dr. William Hatcher</a>, who is regarded by many as the most prolific writer on the subject of science and religion. I would encourage anyone interested in the pursuing an understanding of this topic to read his papers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are three central points or “discrepancies” which give rise to the notion that science and religion do not agree. Within the scope of this post is merely one of them: People now attribute to science what was once attributed to God. In past years, when people did not understand scientific concepts as much, a lot was merely attributed to God (why the Sun seems to be moving around the Earth, etc). As scientific and technological discoveries are made, however, the “need” for God or religion to help us understand mysterious forces in the world is diminishing. People are turning to scientific answers, and these answers make sense. How does religion even figure into anything when helpful explanations are coming from elsewhere?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A closer look reveals that the position of “science replacing God” is not fully justified. Rather than science simply filling in answers to the world’s mysteries, day by day, as more scientific discoveries are made, a greater number of questions arise. Scientists are in a constant state of learning and discovery. Even the greatest of scientists, including Einstein and Newton, had constant profound questions regarding the reality they were living in. The more one learns about science, the more in awe that person is of the world they live in. They understand how little they actually “know” and how humble they should actually be. Socrates said it well: “The only thing I know is that I know nothing.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">More specifically, if one looks at science, it is found that “fact” is simply a hypothesis that has been experimented with, based on a set of universal yet invisible forces which scientists are still continually trying to understand. Gravity explains why the cat fell out of the tree, but now we seek answers to the reason for gravity. While the effects and behavior of heat might be visible, what heat actually <strong>is</strong> continues to be a mystery.<span> </span>Finally, many scientific “facts” have been disproven, even in recent times.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All of this is not to say that scientific investigation is flawed, but merely to point out that in no way can science be regarded as an absolute source of definite explanations of the reality we live in. Religion accompanies science in a balanced search for knowledge, as we will continue to investigate in future posts.</p>

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		<title>Religion or Science: Do We Have to Choose?</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/01/15/religion-or-science-do-we-have-to-choose/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2009/01/15/religion-or-science-do-we-have-to-choose/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2009 17:59:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>negin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Baha'i Concepts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General Interest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[religion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[science]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=1668</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Evolution or creationism? Neuroscience or spirituality? Body or soul?
Historically, the clashes between science and religion have been many. Still to this day, they are often regarded as two opposing worlds. Some of the typical incidences we remember are the medieval scientist Galileo who, to the horror of the Catholic Church, discovered that the earth revolves [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="0in 0in 0pt;"><strong>Evolution or creationism? Neuroscience or spirituality? Body or soul?</strong></p>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-1675" title="man-universe" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/man-universe-300x246.gif" alt="" width="283" height="233" />Historically, the clashes between science and religion have been many. Still to this day, they are often regarded as two opposing worlds. Some of the typical incidences we remember are the medieval scientist Galileo who, to the horror of the Catholic Church, discovered that the earth revolves around the sun, and not vice-versa. Or more recently, Darwin&#8217;s theory of evolution, which in the mid-nineteenth century caused revolt among religious communities. In modern times, the opposition revolves around such hot topics as stem cell research, in-vitro fertilization and abortion.</p>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;">Working and studying in the world of natural science and medicine, this opposition is not always easy to deal with. Facts and theories about the human nature are often presented without paying any attention to the spiritual/metaphysical aspect of creation. Most people, however, find it difficult to accept that we are strictly under the control of signal substances and chemical reactions. Even within the world of science, people are open to alternative theories.</p>
<p style="0in &lt;a href="><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/religion-vs-science-can-the-divide-between-god-and-rationality-be-reconciled-955321.html" target="_blank">An article</a> published in <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/" target="_blank">&#8220;The Independent&#8221;</a>, in October 2008, describes alterations in the conflict between science and religion, and comes to the conclusion that most people today prefer not to identify themselves with any of the extreme viewpoints. The author states:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Academic discussion on the relationship between science and religion is genuinely exploratory, not polarized&#8230; The danger is that between the strident secularists and the fanatical fundamentalists some important middle ground is being squeezed out.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;">However, within previous religions it has been rare to find principles or attitudes that support modern scientific progress, hence opposition has arisen. Many recent developments in world affairs and the scientific field have put religion &#8212; and its moral and ethical standards &#8212; to the test, and meeting those demands has not been an easy task for religious communities.</p>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;">The teachings of the Bahá&#8217;í-Faith on the harmony between religion and science provide a comprehensive,  as well as logical, viewpoint on the relationship between the two. <a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha-center-of-covenant.html" target="_blank">Abdu&#8217;l-Baha</a>, in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;"><em>Religion and science are the two wings upon which man&#8217;s intelligence can soar into the heights, with which the human soul can progress. It is not possible to fly with one wing alone! Should a man try to fly with the wing of religion alone he would quickly fall into the quagmire of superstition, whilst on the other hand, with the wing of science alone he would also make no progress, but fall into the despairing slough of materialism.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;">For me, being a part of this modern society and trying to make a career within a scientific field, having a sound attitude toward science and religion has been indispensable. Leaning on the words of Abdu&#8217;l-Baha, and studying the lessons from His great work &#8220;<a href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/" target="_blank">Some Answered Questions</a>&#8220;, I have been able to say:</p>
<p style="0in 0in 0pt;"><strong>Evolution <em>and</em> Creationism. Neuroscience <em>and</em> spirituality. Body <em>and</em> soul.</strong></p>

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		<title>Again and Again: Eliminate Violence Against Women</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/12/15/again-and-again-eliminate-violence-against-women/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/12/15/again-and-again-eliminate-violence-against-women/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2008 16:23:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>iman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abuse]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[women]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=1550</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A man walking down the street with, presumably, his partner, hitting her across the back of the head every 10 metres or so. Again and again and again&#8230; something I just wasn&#8217;t expecting to see whilst walking to work recently.  Upsetting, surreal, unjust. Around this same time, on November 25th, the International Day for [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-1557" title="abuse-tear" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/abuse-tear-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="150" height="150" /><em>A man walking down the street with, presumably, his partner, hitting her across the back of the head every 10 metres or so. Again and again and again&#8230; </em>something I just wasn&#8217;t expecting to see whilst walking to work recently.  <span style="font-size: small;"><strong><span>Upsetting, surreal, unjust.</span></strong> </span>Around this same time, on November 25th, the <a href="http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/news/vawd.html" target="_blank">International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women</a> was observed.</p>
<p>Abuse commonly stems from, amongst other things, cultural standards, prior abuse of the now-abuser, insufficient parenting, broken homes or genuine illness. Barring the latter, all indicate just how pivotal education is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The basis for such [moral] curricula is the belief that every person is a spiritual being with limitless potential for noble action but that potential, in order to manifest, must be consciously cultivated through a curriculum attuned to this fundamental human dimension.</p>
<p>Among the moral capabilities identified by Bahá&#8217;í­ educational institutions include the ability to:</p>
<ul class="unIndentedList">
<li>participate effectively in non-adversarial collective decision-making </li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li>act with rectitude of conduct based on ethical and moral principles</li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li>cultivate one&#8217;s sense of dignity and self-worth</li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li>create a vision of a desired future based on shared values and principles, and to inspire others to work for its fulfillment </li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li>understand relationships based on dominance and to contribute towards their transformation into relationships based on reciprocity and service. </li>
</ul>
<p>In this way, the curriculum seeks to develop the individual as a whole integrating the spiritual and the material, the theoretical and the practical and the sense of individual progress with service to the community.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Such capabilities can be taught in schools but will not be effective unless they take root in family and community:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&#8230;it is the family environment in which children grow and form views about themselves, the world and the purpose of life. To the degree that a family fails to meet the fundamental needs of the children, to that same degree will society be burdened with the consequences of neglect and abuse and will suffer greatly from the resulting conditions of apathy and violence.</p>
<p>In the family, the child learns about the nature of power and its expression in interpersonal relationships; it is here that she first learns to accept or reject authoritarian rule and violence as a means of expression and conflict resolution. In this environment, the widespread violence committed by men against women and girls constitutes an assault on the foundational unit of the community and the nation.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Religion has historically been the primary contributor of the values espoused in most of the world, yet, today, it is voices arising in the name of religion that are obstacles to the eradication of abuse and violent behaviour:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Using religious appeals as a vehicle for their own power, proponents of extremist religious interpretations have sought to tame&#8217; women and girls by limiting their mobility outside of the home, limiting their access to education, subjecting their bodies to harmful traditional practices, controlling attire and even killing to punish acts which were claimed to abase the family honor. It is religion itself that stands in desperate need of renewal.</p>
<p>A core element of such renewal is the need for religious leaders to state unequivocally and become the standard bearers of the principle of equality of men and women, a moral and practical principle urgently needed to realize progress in the social, political and economic spheres of society. Today, religious practices and doctrines in flagrant violation of international human rights standards must be subject to deeper examination and scrutiny, bearing in mind that all religions contain the voices of women, which have often been absent from the evolving definition of what religion is and what it requires.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Who is responsible for the protection of women?  The highest, most influential (in terms of enforcement) body of power available to us is the State:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&#8230;the State has the duty and responsibility to protect the individual.  It is at this level that enlightened leadership is desperately required. Many governments continue to hide behind cultural and religious reservations to international treaties, perpetuating a climate of legal and moral impunity and rendering this kind of violence and its victims invisible.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ultimately, however, how can a self-sustaining solution to common plagues such as abuse be found?  Progress is iterative.  As each generation embraces, more and more, the idea that education is the sturdy foundation that can stabilize society&#8217;s shaky core, the closer will be the goal of eradicating societal ills.<br class="spacer_" /></p>
<p><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><strong>Quotations extracted from separate statements located </strong></span><a title="Beyond Legal Reforms:Culture and Capacity in the Eradication of Violence Against Women and Girls" href="http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/06-0702.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><strong>here</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="The Eradication of Violence against Women and Girls " href="http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/08-0313.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><strong>here</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><strong> at www.bic.org</strong></span></p>

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		<title>The Ruhi Institute &#8212; Training for a Life of Service</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/06/09/the-ruhi-institute-training-for-a-life-of-service/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/06/09/the-ruhi-institute-training-for-a-life-of-service/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jun 2008 14:06:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>negin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General Interest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Principles in Action]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ruhi books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[service]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=140</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A sincere longing for being of use and helping one&#8217;s surroundings is a natural driving force that most people have. In the Baha&#8217;i Faith, love and service to mankind are regarded as &#8220;the worthiest and most laudable objects of human endeavor&#8221;, through which we can also develop virtues and spiritual qualities within ourselves. In the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A sincere longing for being of use and helping one&#8217;s surroundings is a natural driving force that most people have. In the Baha&#8217;i Faith, love and service to mankind are regarded as <strong><em>&#8220;the worthiest and most laudable objects of human endeavor&#8221;</em></strong>, through which we can also develop virtues and spiritual qualities within ourselves. In the Baha&#8217;i community, the courses of the Ruhi Institute are being used to train individuals to <a href="http://www.bahai.org/features/institutes" target="_blank">develop skills and attitudes</a> needed to succeed in this endeavour. The courses are offered at the grassroots level and are designed to instill in participants the capacity, as well as the confidence, to embark on service activities aimed at gradually uplifting the wider community.</p>
<p>The Ruhi Institute is an educational system that was originally developed under the guidance of the Baha&#8217;i community of Colombia in the 1970s, and is now being used all over the world. Based on the Writings of the Baha&#8217;i Faith, the material aims at giving its participants an understanding of the presented topics, not only on a level that generates reflection and analysis, but, more crucially, on a level that facilitates action and change:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>O SON OF DUST!</p>
<p>Verily I say unto thee; Of all men the most negligent is he that disputeth idly and seeketh to advance himself over his brother. Say, O brethren! Let deeds, not words, be your adorning.</p>
<p>(Baha&#8217;u'llah, The Persian Hidden Words)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The main sequence of the institute consists of <a href="http://www.palabrapublications.info/books/train.html">seven books</a>, each with a specific theme and an act of service tied to it. The books are studied in study circles consisting of one tutor and 3-10 participants. Some of the themes of the main sequence <em>are &#8220;Reflections on the Life of the Spirit&#8221; </em>and <em>&#8220;Teaching Children&#8217;s Classes&#8221;</em>. The last book of the sequence is a tutor training, after which the participant herself/himself can serve as a tutor.</p>
<p>The Ruhi Institute has come to spread all over the world, being used by Baha&#8217;is and their friends from the Kiribati Islands in the South Pacific Ocean to the Faeroe Islands and Iceland in Northern Europe. Of course, culture, weather and tradition influences the shape and expression of the study circles in different corners of the world, but they all have in common the purpose of educating and training their participants to be of service to their fellow beings and to mankind.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="center;">The Great Being saith: Regard man as a mine rich in gems of inestimable value. Education can, alone, cause it to reveal its treasures, and enable mankind to benefit therefrom.</p>
<p>(Baha&#8217;u'llah, Gleanings from the Writings of Baha&#8217;u'llah, p. 259)</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-medium wp-image-144" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/ruhi-7-051217-large-300x225.jpg" alt="Ruhi study circle Sweden" width="298" height="220" /></p>
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		<title>Rural Women Become Strong Pillars</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/05/07/rural-women-become-strong-pillars/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/05/07/rural-women-become-strong-pillars/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2008 08:57:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>negin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General Interest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Principles in Action]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[women]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/?p=103</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I have a plan: I want to buy a sewing-machine and earn my own living. I want to teach my brothers to read, and then I want to continue studying all the subjects we have studied here.

These are the words of a 25-year old woman from the village Siswala in India, as she is leaving the Barli Institute after completing a six-month program. Being born and raised in one of the poorest areas of India, where education and training of women is almost inconceivable, her time at the Barli Institue has clearly changed the direction of her life.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>I have a plan</strong>: I want to buy a sewing-machine and earn my own living. I want to teach my brothers to read, and then I want to continue studying all the subjects we have studied here.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/barli-kvinna.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-104" title="barli-kvinna" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/barli-kvinna-232x300.jpg" alt="" width="271" height="350" /></a>These are the words of a 25-year old woman from the village Siswala in India, as she is leaving the Barli Institute after completing a six-month program. Born and raised in one of the poorest areas of India, where education and training of women is almost inconceivable, her time at the Barli Institue has clearly changed the direction of her life.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Since 1985, <a href="http://www.bahaindia.org/social/barlimore.html">the Barli Institute of Development for Rural Women</a>, situated in the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India, has changed the lives of thousands of women from poor villages by teaching them to read and write, handicrafts,  hygiene and personal development. Returning to their villages, they have been able to contribute to the economy of the household, take better care of the children and home and become supporting “pillars” in their families, as well as the whole village. This is where the name of the institute comes from; Barli means pillar.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The project is supported by the Baha’i Community in cooperation with <a href="http://www.sida.se/sida/jsp/sida.jsp?d=121&amp;language=en_US">the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA)</a>. It was founded by Mrs. Janak McGilligan, who at the time was a young woman with a degree in social sciences from Punjab University. She has since then been running the Institute as its director together with her husband, Mr James McGilligan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The vital question of education of women &#8212; far from being a matter of course in some parts of the world -– is indispensible for the advancement of civilization. <a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha-center-of-covenant.html">Abdu’l-Bahá</a>, in expounding the principle of equality of the sexes, tells us:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Daughters and sons must follow the same curriculum of study, thereby promoting unity of the sexes. When all mankind shall receive the same opportunity of education and the equality of men and women be realized, the foundations of war will be utterly destroyed. Without equality this will be impossible because all differences and distinction are conducive to discord and strife. Equality between men and women is conducive to the abolition of warfare for the reason that women will never be willing to sanction it&#8230; There is no doubt that when women obtain equality of rights, war will entirely cease among mankind.</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Applying this universal principle to the poor villages of central India is the purpose of the Barli-institute. Supporting the economy, participating in the decision-making processes of their villages and passing on the knowledge gained to their children are some of the many ways that the participants contribute to development.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">By giving women an education, they are given the key to independence and influence &#8212; they are given the possiblity to have a plan.</p>

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		<title>World Water Day</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/03/22/world-water-day/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/03/22/world-water-day/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Mar 2008 12:26:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>iman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News & Current Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[equality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[water]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/index.php/current-affairs/2008/03/22/world-water-day/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[March 22 is World Water Day. Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation kills at least 1.6 million children under the age of 5 years yearly, as outlined in the latest report published by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Aside from the obvious health benefits derived from having access to adequate water and sanitation, it is interesting to note that the positives also extend into the realms of gender inequalities and education.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center"><img src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/women-fetching-water.jpg" alt="Women Water" width="292" height="195" /></p>
<p align="justify">March 22 is <a title="World Water Day" href="http://www.worldwaterday.org/" target="_blank">World Water Day</a>.  Lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation kills at least 1.6 million children under the age of 5 years yearly, as outlined in the <a title="Joint Monitoring Programme Report 2006" href="http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/JMP_06.pdf" target="_blank">latest report</a> published by the <a title="WHO &amp; UNICEF JMP" href="http://www.wssinfo.org/en/welcome.html" target="_blank">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a>.  Aside from the obvious health benefits derived from having access to adequate water and sanitation, it is interesting to note that the positives also extend into the realms of gender inequality and education.</p>
<p align="justify"><a title="UNICEF" href="http://www.unicef.org/wes/index_womenandgirls.html" target="_blank">UNICEF states</a> that &#8220;women and girls bear the burden of fetching water &#8211; and as a result miss out on opportunities for education, productive activities or leisure time&#8221;:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Women and girls must be educated &#8212; spiritually, emotionally and intellectually. A mother must be educated in all the relevant fields of knowledge in order to perform her role as transmitter of culture and values. A child needs a nurturing environment and wise guidance in the first years of life in order to develop sound character and a well trained mind. If the mother is unable, because of her own deficiencies, to provide her children with experiences which will equip them for later, formal schooling, they will find themselves at a serious, often crippling, disadvantage.</p>
<p>(<a href="http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/92-0317.htm" target="_blank">Baha&#8217;i International Community, 1992 Mar 17, Equality Girl Child</a>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">A study entitled &#8220;<a href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0165-0203.00022" target="_blank">Transforming  time into money using water: A participatory study of economics and gender in rural India</a>&#8220;<strong>, </strong>highlights the benefits and importance of the role of women in society, <strong>given equal opportunities</strong>.</p>
<p align="justify">A <a title="Equality of men and women can improve economic performance" href="http://news.bahai.org/story/609" target="_blank">similar statement</a>, pointing out the potential that equality between the sexes can have in economic performance, was recently issued at the UN &#8220;Financing for Gender Equality&#8221; roundtable by representatives of the Baha&#8217;i International Community.  It is often the case that certain deeply rooted traditional and cultural practices prevent women from being provided with equal opportunity.  Such practices can be eliminated with spiritual and moral education:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Presently the <strong>world is caught in a cycle of miseducation, wherein harmful character traits are passed from one generation to the next, retarding social progress</strong>. One source of this miseducation is the failure to respect women, especially in the home&#8230;..The world can ill afford the consequences of continued ignorance and injustice&#8230;..<strong>The cause of universal education deserves the utmost support that the governments of the world can lend it. </strong>For ignorance is indisputably the principal reason for the decline and fall of peoples and for the perpetuation of prejudice. No nation can achieve success unless education is accorded all its citizens. Lack of resources limits the ability of many nations to meet their peoples&#8217; needs, imposing a certain ordering of priorities. It is for this reason that the decision-making agencies involved would do well to consider giving first priority to the education of women and girls, since it is through educated mothers that the benefits of knowledge can be most effectively and rapidly diffused throughout society.</p>
<p>(<a href="http://http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/92-0317.htm" target="_blank">Baha&#8217;i International Community, 1992 Mar 17, Equality Girl Child</a>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="justify">The message from these statements is clear. Access to safe water is essential for human survival; yet as we progress towards this aim, it is important not to lose sight of the eventual goals of self-sufficiency and economic advancement for all. Achieving this, in turn, requires greater capacity-building at the grassroots level through programmes of education, with particular emphasis on those who are <em>most </em>affected by the water crisis, namely women and girls.</p>

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		<title>The Oldest Schoolboy on the Planet</title>
		<link>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/03/20/the-oldest-schoolboy-on-the-planet/</link>
		<comments>http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/2008/03/20/the-oldest-schoolboy-on-the-planet/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2008 18:19:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nadim</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Baha'i Concepts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General Interest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Inspiration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[knowledge]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/index.php/society/2008/03/20/the-oldest-schoolboy-on-the-planet/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Meet the oldest schoolboy on the planet, 88-year old peasant farmer Kimani Maruge. Displaced by the recent Kenyan crisis and living in a refugee camp, Mr. Maruge still rises each morning, puts on his uniform and walks 4km to his primary school.  His perseverance is astonishing. In his quest for knowledge, neither his advanced [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="left" src="http://www.bahaiperspectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/kenyapa4.jpg" alt="kenyapa4.jpg" width="220" height="154" align="left" />Meet the oldest schoolboy on the planet, 88-year old peasant farmer Kimani Maruge. Displaced by the recent Kenyan crisis and living in a refugee camp, Mr. Maruge still rises each morning, puts on his uniform and walks 4km to his primary school.  His perseverance is astonishing. In his quest for knowledge, neither his advanced age nor his limp prevent him from making the daily journey to and from school:</p>
<p>&#8220;It is hard. There is no one to help me walk. I go alone. But the urge to learn keeps me going.&#8221;</p>
<p>Most of us have acquired an education with comparatively little personal sacrifice,  and it is difficult to comprehend, entirely, the social and psychological consequences of being illiterate. Human lives become defined by a lack of opportunity and a lack of freedom to shape one&#8217;s own destiny (<em>in a sense,</em> <em>the loss of free-will</em>), which in turn leads to deep feelings of inferiority and worthlessness. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, there is even a direct <a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/4/339" target="_blank">correlation</a> between illiteracy and poor health.</p>
<p>I would highly recommend reading the <a href="http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnBAN030496.html" target="_blank">entire story</a>. Reading through it, I was struck by the example he is setting for those around him, particularly with respect to his unselfish attitude towards education. He does not seek education for material gain. Rather, he finds that the process of learning is, in itself, the greatest reward:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Arts, crafts and sciences uplift the world of being, and are conducive to its exaltation. Knowledge is as wings to man&#8217;s life, and a ladder for his ascent. Its acquisition is incumbent upon everyone&#8230; In truth, knowledge is a veritable treasure for man, and a source of glory, of bounty, of joy, of exaltation, of cheer and gladness unto him. Happy the man that cleaveth unto it, and woe betide the heedless.</p>
<p>(<a href="http://info.bahai.org/bahaullah-manifestation-of-god.html" target="_blank">Baha&#8217;u'llah</a>, Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 26)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Of course, Mr. Maruge would never been able to pursue an education were it not for the free primary schooling introduced by the Kenyan government, for which they should be commended.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Among other teachings and principles Bahá&#8217;u'lláh counsels the education of all members of society. No individual should be denied or deprived of intellectual training, although each should receive according to capacity. None must be left in the grades of ignorance, for ignorance is a defect in the human world. All mankind must be given a knowledge of science and philosophy &#8212; that is, as much as may be deemed necessary. All cannot be scientists and philosophers, but each should be educated according to his needs and deserts.</p>
<p>(<a href="http://info.bahai.org/abdulbaha-center-of-covenant.html" target="_blank">Abdu&#8217;l-Baha</a>, The Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 108)</p>
</blockquote>

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